Oral history Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oral history - Essay Example Mr Skipper, a supporter of the Democratic Party has had quite an interesting career with because of the all the issues and controversy surrounding his dismissal as county superintendent and his unending support for the vocational, adult, and special education of the minorities. He was an activist and this is apparent from his demands that all students should have equal access to text books and his conflicts with the religious leaders over high school play Mrs. Best Not only has Mrs Best campaigned very eagerly for the right of the women particularly married women to be in high level teaching jobs, she has also fought for the rights of school which have a majority of ethnic students to have better access to the state funding and textbooks. Skipper His record reflects his struggle as he spoke against racism and lay stress over the "cultural pluralism vs. "melting pot" issue. He created much controversy with his proposals to teach Communism and sex education in the classroom. Dick debates whether the Superintendent should be an administrator or a primarily an educator and the fear of politicizing this office. Yes she has played a vital role to get the

Diversity in American culture Essay Example for Free

Diversity in American culture Essay The American culture is one of the outstanding cultures in nature compared with other cultures of the world. The culture of the American people can be regarded as being diversified in nature. (Bernstein N, 2001). The diversity of the American culture is attributed by the fact that America is composed of many ethnic groups with different global origin. The diversity has been found to occur in the dressing habits, eating habits, marriages habits and religion in nature. America has a unique history in nature since it was a founded world which is currently composed of the African –American, White-Americans, Hispanic-Americans, and the Indian –Americans. The diversity of the American culture has a lot of controversies which has come into a lot of criticism by the public in general. This paper will try to evaluate the religious diversity among the American people at the same it will try to bring out the driving forces behind this religion diversity. Consequently it will analyze the effects of the religious diversity to the American people. The religious diversity in America has been contributed by the immigration laws which encourage the religious freedom which has created the religious tolerance of the American people. According to Becvar, D. S (1997) â€Å"perhaps the most extreme case of religious pluralism in the world. † . Moreover the American constitution has consequently protected the religious rights of its members. The first amendment of The USA has consequently promoted the right of free worship without any interruptions. Thus the religious diversity has been promoted by the democratic government of the United States of America which has tried to encourage the immigration and at the same time guarating the religious freedom of its citizens. The American religious culture is made of many religious sects. The religious groups which are presently found in America includes the Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Budhism other minority religions (Bullis K, 1996). The religious diversity in the United States of America has proved to be so important to the society in nature, for instance there are a lot of intermarriages between the religious groups. By promoting the intermarriages, harmony is created in the world. The America of today has undergone some radical changes which have created a new America with new religious landscape. Nowdays the number of the immigrants has increased in to a great existent than before. The most growing group which has migrated in larger number is the Hispanics and the Asian groups. Most of the American people have not noticed the radical changes which the religious sector is undergoing in the recent times. We need to focus on such changes and realize that the religious field is currently under metamorphosis. Although the United states of America was being regarded as being a Christian nation, it has become to light that the Muslims have started to increase in their numbers, moreover the Buddhist religion has taken roots in the American land for example the Los Angeles city is a Buddhist city which is recognized as the most concentrated Buddhist city having the immigrants from India,China,Korea and sri lanka. At the same time the immigrants from the Latin America such as from Mexico, Brazil and Spain to the United States of America cities has promoted the growth of the Christianity of the Catholic and the protestant community. According to history the American land has been composed of many religions. The United States of America is undergoing a change in the religious practices. Most of the adults are nowadays have started to change their religious believes from the Christianity since the start of the First World War. However most of the American adults have started to identify themselves with some specific religion. But it has been established that the United States of America is currently losing its protestant members due to the fact that most of the Protestants were executed during the Second World War. The gender ratio has consequently affected the religious groups. It is estimated that 38% -39% of the religious believers are women. moreovcer most of the Muslims are men since the Muslim society allows only men to worship in the mosques, thus the religious practices has been found to affect the number of the believers. The religious believers in the United States of America have been found to affiliate themselves with the political parties. For example the Christian believers affiliate themselves to the Democrat, Republican and the Independents respectively. 56% of those who are the Assemblies of God have preferred to affiliate themselves with the Republican party while 56% of the Jews have preferred the Democratic party. (Burke T,2005). The religious diversity in the United States of America has profound effects on the way people are living. The religion has consequently affected the dressing codes of the individuals, the eating habits of the individuals and the social associations of the involved candidates. On the first case religion has been found to influence the dressing codes of people, for example the Muslim women wears long clothes which are made so that they can not have the direct contact with their male counterparts as it’s believed that it’s a taboo to for the Muslim women to have direct contact with men. At the same time the Hindu men wears what they refer as â€Å"dhoti†. The Christians women on the other hand have a tendency of wearing the trousers and sometimes skirts. Thus it can be concluded that the dressing codes in the United States of America has been influenced by the religion individuals have affiliated themselves to. The religious diversity in the United States of America has influenced the eating habits of the people of the United States of America. Many of the African-Americans are mainly Protestants and hence they have no strict eating habits (Canda. K, 1998). But other Christian members who belong to some sects such as the seventh Day Adventists, Jehovah witness have a lot of the eating restricness. At the same time some Muslim communities are prohibited from eating some foods such as the pork. Consequently the Hindus are prohibited from taking beef which they believe that it is a sacred animal in their religion. In conclusion it can be determined that religion is continuing to play one of the major roles in most people. The United States of America is secular increasingly, youve got African groups who bring another dimension of diversity. in nature and this phenomenon has spread in many states. Baer, H. A (1984) quoted that† In Southern California, weve got virtually everyone, Roof said. If you want an indicator of how much diversity there is in Southern California, there are approximately 100 different ethnic Buddhist groups here. With Latinos, its similar. With Islam, you get scores of nationalities†. The diversity of the religious believes among the Americans will continue to affect the daily activities of the Americans. References Baer, H. A. (1984). The Black spiritual movement: A religious response to racism. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. Becvar, D. S. (1997). Soul healing: A spiritual orientation in counseling and therapy. New York: Basic Books. Bernstein, N. (2001). The lost children of Wilder: The epic struggle to change foster care. New York: Vintage Books. Bullis, R. K. (1996). Spirituality in social work practice. Washington, DC: Taylor Francis. Burke, M. T. (2005). Religious and spiritual issues in counseling: Applications across diverse populations. New York: Brunner-Rout ledge. Canada, E. R. (Ed. ) (1998). Spirituality in social work: New directions. New York: Haworth Pastoral Press.

Dominos Expansion into the Mauritius

Dominos Expansion into the Mauritius 1.0 Introduction The aim of this report is to show how Mauritius could be a land of opportunity for a restaurant chain like Dominos to be developed and how it could target the whole population with its uniqueness and great taste. The theory of international business and its implications on Mauritius as a new targeted market for Dominos will be explained and put into a framework for analysis. Moreover, to understand the power of a business situation and to know whether Mauritius can be viable as a market for Dominos, the PESTLE Analysis tool will be used. This will show whether or not this internationalization can be considered moving into. From those tools mentioned, academic theories will be developed to analyse how strategically profitable this business could be and how powerful it can prove to be in the long run. Globalisation has made competition become fierce worldwide and developing the fast food market with Dominos could be a competitive advantage for Mauritius. Dominos Pizza Inc. is an American restaurant chain and international franchise pizza delivery headquartered in the United States (US), present in 73 countries and offering a wide variety of menus. It was founded in 1960 and is the second largest pizza chain in the US, after pizza hut. Mauritius has currently only two pizza chains namely; Pizza hut and Debonairs Pizza. The report will also dig in and analyse some of the barriers that could exist in the Mauritian market for Dominos based on the prevailing market conditions. Overall the document will outline some theories based on the international business framework and will also give an idea about the internationalization process within an overseas market. 2.0 Framework of International Business in an overseas market In the context of an increasingly challenging global market environment, most companies depend on international business for survival and growth. This presence of globalization has made competition become fiercer, which as a result calls for an improved quality of the selected overseas market and the chosen mode of entry (Koch, 2001). Decision to expand in an overseas market is quite delicate and depends on various criteria before actually getting into this process of internationalization, or else that move could prove to be risky for both the company and the new market. The international market should be scanned very carefully in terms of its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Mauritius, as a developing nation is considered as an emerging market. According to Hoskisson et al. Emerging markets are characterized by low income and are rapidly growing nations whereby economic liberalisation is their powerful tool to achieve economic growth (Douglas E, 2001). Hoskisson et al. always say that emerging markets are different from other markets through government policies favoring economic liberalization and the adoption of a free-market system growth (Douglas E, p.9). Moving to an overseas country in an emerging market could well be a good potential for a developed country to venture. Before choosing to do business with an overseas country, the home country will think about a market that has smaller, cultural, institutional and geographic distance. Other criteria that might affect their choice decisions are; the lower tariff rates, cheaper resources and easier acquisition possibilities and less competition (Fey et al. 2016). If a developed country chooses to enter an emerging market, that market will need to be well developed with a stable environment created by no major political upheavals leading to social stability. The example of the Chinese telecommunication equipment company Huawei is a good one to explain why internationalisation should happen in a developing country first before moving to other developed nations. The question was; So how did Huawei achieve its success of having no international activity back in 1999 to $11 billion of sales by 2006, whereby 65% was foreign sales only, and 31 of the worlds top 50 telecommunications operators were their customers (Fey et al. 2016). It is believed that part of the secret emanated from Chinese history and followed Maos military strategy where the best way was to target rural areas first, barricade the cities and then move into them. In regards to their business strategy, Huawei adopted the same approach of internationalising by first entering developing countries or transforming economies, which showed less competition and relatively good growth potentials and then later moved to developed ones (Fey et al. 2016). 3.0 An analysis of why Dominos could expand to Mauritius, as a potential market Before analysing the Mauritian market for Dominos, it is important to briefly explain and link the expansion strategy as to why that particular market is chosen for business. As such, the table below, which depicts a general systematic approach to international market expansion and entry mode selected, will be briefly analysed: (Koch 2001, p.70) The reason why Dominos could target Mauritius as a long-term potential market for business would be because that would definitely help the firm to increase its profits, seek new economies of scale, to reduce operating costs by getting access to lower cost of factors of production and lower labour and ultimately take advantage of getting behind trade barriers, which can reduce the cost of entry in the island. Furthermore, the area is well protected, free from wars and conflicts, provides easy access to goods and services, where it becomes easier to set up a business. If Dominos goals and objectives are aligned with the business strategy of entering the Mauritian market, then the risks involved might be lesser than choosing a bigger developed nation with more competition. The major risk would be that Mauritius is a small country and there is no market propinquity between the island and Dominos home country but the growth rates might increase faster because Mauritius does not have many pizza chains offering the same quality of product and service as Dominos and is a culturally diverse country. Therefore, the benefits will in the long run exceed the risks of operating in such market. All these will be clearly analysed in the following analysis: 4.0 PESTLE Analysis of the Mauritian Market Mauritius is a republic and democratic country that gained independence from the British colony in 1968. The country is small, an open African economy that attracts both Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and domestic investment in a diversified economy, with a population of only 1,260,934 (Doing business 2016). Mauritius is more engaged in exports than importing products, creating it as an Export Processing Zone since 1971 (Croucher Rizov, 2015). The country is characterised by low level of corruption and stable and strong institutions that attracts high levels of FDI. In 2011 the Heritage Foundations Economic Freedom ranked Mauritius as number eight in the world, two place above the USA (Croucher Rizov p. 2702). Very often the island is considered as an African success story, a unique example of constant successful developments where companies in Mauritius expand their operations in Africa and. An effective analysis of the Mauritian market can be discussed as follows: 4.1 Political Environment Analysis The political climate in Mauritius is moderate, thanks to democratic freedom. The island has strong constitutions for successful development. According to Alon and McKee 1999, Political risk refers to the host country government actions that have adverse effects on the business environment in which an international country wishes to venture for business (Hoffman et al. 2008). In mid-2011 because of a high inflation rate, the government in Mauritius introduced a monetary tightening policy. Therefore, this action facilitated improvements in the business climate, which ultimately created ease of access for foreign investments and business venturing in the region. Mauritius depends largely on its exports to obtain FDI and have been a champion in doing so thanks to low-cost labour, efficient infrastructure, preferential access to large markets to promote Free Trade, sound legal system, political stability, government policies favourable to foreign investors and a strong business environment with a vibrant entrepreneurial culture (Seetanah Boopen, 2011, p. 29). This implies that thanks to political stability, within a democratic framework Mauritius attracts many foreign transactions and all those companies coming from abroad to work in the island constitute as proofs of a stable political system. Mauritius and the United States (US) have trade agreements where they signed a Trade Investment Framework Agreement *TIFE) in 2006 (Office of the United States Trade Representative 2014). The aim of TIFA is to reinforce and expand trade ties between US and Mauritius. It also provides an opportunity to work more closely on various trade-related issues, including moving the World Trade Organisation (WTO) Doha Round forward and implementing the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), all facilitating free trade between the island and other countries (Mauritius Trade Easy 2016). 4.2 Economic Environment Analysis According to the Doing business 2016 World Bank Report, Mauritius is ranked at the 32nd place in its ease of doing business and 66th in trading across borders, among 189 countries globally (Doing business 2016). This could be a source of attractiveness on behalf of overseas companies willing to operate in the island. A small island state, still in a developing mode with little population is quite impressive in terms of various developments so far, based from those ranking indicators. Mauritius made business easier by decreasing trade license fees (Doing business 2016). The Mauritian economy has become an upper middle-income diversified economy with a rise in economic growth over the years in the financial, industrial and tourist sectors. This rising trend is ongoing, putting the island as a growing economy and it has shifted from a predominantly agriculture based economy to an industrial one. There are three pillars which are at the heart of the Mauritian economy namely; sugar, tourism and garment sectors with recent investments in information and communication services as well as of a seafood hub (Kothari Wilkinson, 2013, p. 94). The country is an export-oriented business hub that attracts a massive inflow of FDIs, coming mostly from France, South Africa and other countries. The World banks 2008 Doing Business Report ranks the island first in Africa and 27th in the world for ease of doing business (Seetanah Boopen, 2011, p.29). It forms part of the business-friendly countries. The economic conditions of any countries are considered to be positive when an economy is growing at a steady rate and in a negative phase if an economy is in contracting mode. Those favourable economic conditions diminish the risk perceptions of that market and make it more attractive to expand in that particular area (Hoffman et al. 2008). As per the International Trade Forum, Mauritius is an economic development success story (Mauritius International Trade Forum 1999). Thanks to its national export strategies, the island has become a mono-crop economy with an internationally-oriented service sector. Preferential access to the European Union and United States markets for good and services have further expanded the Mauritian economy. The government encourages enterprise development with subsidies and investment incentives to maintain an open economy. 4.3 Social and Cultural Environment Analysis The Mauritian culture is recognised for its uniqueness and rich social and cultural diversity, which comprises of many various religions like Hindus, Christians, Muslims and Chinese and even people from abroad settling in the island. As such, doing business in the country creates fewer challenges in terms of cultural dissimilarities. The literacy rate in Mauritius is quite high. As per the education indicators in the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Human Development Report 2013, the island is doing relatively well with a youth literacy rate of 96.8% and an adult literacy rate of 88.8% (Mauritius 2015). However, according to Statistics Mauritius, in 2013, 2,200 unemployed graduates were looking for a job and this was due to a skills-mismatch between the training gained at higher education level and what the market demanded in terms of skills. This could represent an obstacle for doing business in Mauritius. Nevertheless, from my personal observation, between 2013 and now, things have started to change with the recent government election in December 2014. Creation of jobs has increased and is still in progress and various schemes have been introduced to offer training and work placements. Mauritius creates social stability in a way because there exists no wars, whereby few ethnic conflicts do exist but do not last long. Mauritians adopt the fruit salad metaphor, unlike the melting pot metaphor in the United States, which simply says that a multiethnic society prevails in the island instead of an individualistic one (Ng Bloemraad, 2015, p. 623 ). This way of living therefore creates a level playing ground between the genders and promotes equality. Level of poverty in Mauritius is good, with less than 1% of the total population living on less than 1USD per day. This also implies that purchasing power could remain strong for Mauritians. More and more Mauritians now do not have time to cook or simply find it easier to buy food outside because of a wide variety of food courts selling different types of food. This take-away and food delivery trend is quite common in the island. 4.4 Legal Environment Analysis The legal environment of Mauritius comprises of various trade unions. These trade unions protect employees and employers rights and laws for effective employment practice on the market. Countries with better legal investor protection should attract more foreign inflows of financial capital to their domestic businesses (Starky, 2003, p. 3). We have discussed earlier that Mauritius attracts and receives high inflows of FDIs from exports, which also implies that the legal framework of the island is stable and sound. An overseas market is also considered effective when its legal environment is of good quality and does not raise any uncertainties (Roy 2006). Mauritius legal system, which is based on both English and French practices offers flexible corporate legislations together with good operation costs (Mauritius provides ocean of advantages 1997). The workforce in the island speaks both English and French with further creates a competitive advantage in terms of attracting business from Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Europe. The good legal environment is due to the positive political participation and culture prevailing in the country. 5.0 Recommendations Based on the above analysis and framework, it could be deduced that Mauritius as a destination market for Dominos could benefit from the Michael Porters possible generic strategies for competitive advantage. Those advantages could exist both internally (firms level) and externally (the general pizza industry level). Since Mauritius has only two pizza chains in the island, with not many competitors and substitutes, whereby pizza hut is not profitable enough and has closed down some its shops across the island, and debonairs is average, Dominos could be a market leader for pizza, bringing value for money, uniqueness and a wide variety of menus if it adopts a differentiation strategy. Dominos should try to produce at a less expense than its competitors on the Mauritian market so that demand and market share for the product increases and brings high revenue, thus creating a cost leadership strategy as well. The marketing trend says that people tend to buy more of a product at the creation stage. Therefore, overall entry in Mauritius will be like a competitive move since political, economic, legal and social climates are stable and favourable to the little fast-food nation, whereby purchasing power is still high. 6.0 References   Ã‚   1) Croucher, R Rizov, M 2015, MNEs and flexible working practices in Mauritius, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 26, no. 21, pp. 2701-2717 2) Douglas E, T 2001, Who goes abroad? International diversification by merging market firms into developed markets, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, pp. 1-121 3) Doing Business 2016, Measuring Regulatory Quality and Efficiency, http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports/global-reports/doing-business-2016 4) Fey, C.F, Nayak, A.K.J.R, Wu, C Zhou, A.J 2016, Internationalization Strategies of Emerging Market Multinationals: A Five M Framework, Journal of Leadership Organisational Studies, pp. 1-16 5) Hoffman, R.C, Kincaid, J.F, Preble, J.F 2008, International Franchise Expansion: Does Market Propinquity Matter?, Multinational Business Review, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 25-52 6) Koch, A.J 2001, Selecting overseas markets and entry modes: two decision processes or one?, Marketing Intelligence Planning, Vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 65 75 7) Kothari, U Wilkinson 2013, Global Change, Small Island State Response: Restructuring and The Perpetuation of Uncertainty In Mauritius and Seychelles, Journal of International Development, vol. 24, no. 1, pp. 92-10 8) Mauritius Trade Easy: Expanding markets and Facilitating compliance 2016, http://www.mauritiustrade.mu/en/trade-agreements/usa#haut 9) Mauritius International Trade Forum 1999, http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CA59672193v=2.1u=ntuit=rp=AONEsw=wasid=7836396c1459104cb7042eee9e360674 10) Mauritius 2015, http://www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/country-notes/southern-africa/mauritius/. 11) Mauritius provides ocean of Advantages, 1997, South China Morning Post, 27th April. 12) Office of the United States Trade Representative: Executive office of the President 2014, https://ustr.gov/countries-regions/africa/east-africa/mauritius 13) Roy, J-P 2006, International joint venture partner selection and performance: The role of the host country legal environment, Proquest Dissertations Publishing, pp. 1-240 14) Seetanah, B Rojid, S 2011, The determinants of FDI in Mauritius: a dynamic time series investigation, African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 24-41. 15) S. NG, E Bloemraad, I 2015, A SWOT Analysis of Multiculturalism in Canada, Europe, Mauritius, and South Korea, American Behavioral Scientist, vol. 59, no. 6, pp. 619-636. 16) Starky, S 2003, Legal Environment as a Determinant of International Investment Positions: An Empirical Analysis, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, pp. 1-95.

How does Shakespeare Exploit the Supernatural for dramatic Effect in Ma

The play begins in a 'desolate place' as the stage directions tell us. Shakespeare uses the pathetic fallacy of 'Thunder and Lightening.' This creates an atmosphere of dark and evil and anticipates something frightening. There are three witches, casting a spell, as Shakespeare shows through the use of rhyming couplets at the end of lines. In addition to this, he uses the syntatic parralelism to suggest that everything is not what it will seem. 'Fair is foul and foul is fair.' This warns the audience so that they can make predictions of what will happen in 'Macbeth.' A Jacobean audience and Shakespeare?s contemporaries believed in the supernatural very strongly, including the king of that time, King James I of England. They would be intrigued by the witches? predictions in ?Macbeth,? as well as the witches? costumes on stage being scary to them. Nowadays, witches aren?t thought of as an avatar of the devil, so it would take a different kind of witch to interest a modern audience, one that challenges stereotypes. In the next scene Macbeth is shown to be fighting agaisnt the Norweigen army single handedly, showing imense bravery. Therefore, the juxtaposition between Scene I and Scene II, in Act I, is evil and good, the complete opposites. The opening scene of the play is a future prediction about the battle between good and evil and ?Fair is foul and foul is fair.? In Act I Scene III Macbeth meets the witches upon a heath. The witches predict that Macbeth is going to become Thane of Cawdor and they ?hail Macbeth, that shalt be King Hereafter!? Later on in the scene Ross and Angus enter to tell Macbeth he is to become Thane of Cawdor. This instance of dramatic irony encourages Macbeth to... ...is leads up to Lady Macbeth falling to her death. The hallucinations of blood on her hands driving her to the point of insanity so much so that she had to commit suicide. The supernatural element of the play still has an effect on a modern audience. For example, ?Fair is foul and foul is fair.? It gets the audience guessing. When the audience meets a character that appears to be ?good? on the outside, it keeps them wondering what they are really like. After all, ?Macbeth? is a play designed to be performed for and to involve the audience. Although the supernatural nowadays take on a more friendly prevalence-than in the 1600?s- such as in TV programmes like Buffy or Sabrina, and aren?t considered as gruesome, evil characters, the supernatural in ?Macbeth? still have great dramatic impact on a 21st century audience. How does Shakespeare Exploit the Supernatural for dramatic Effect in Ma The play begins in a 'desolate place' as the stage directions tell us. Shakespeare uses the pathetic fallacy of 'Thunder and Lightening.' This creates an atmosphere of dark and evil and anticipates something frightening. There are three witches, casting a spell, as Shakespeare shows through the use of rhyming couplets at the end of lines. In addition to this, he uses the syntatic parralelism to suggest that everything is not what it will seem. 'Fair is foul and foul is fair.' This warns the audience so that they can make predictions of what will happen in 'Macbeth.' A Jacobean audience and Shakespeare?s contemporaries believed in the supernatural very strongly, including the king of that time, King James I of England. They would be intrigued by the witches? predictions in ?Macbeth,? as well as the witches? costumes on stage being scary to them. Nowadays, witches aren?t thought of as an avatar of the devil, so it would take a different kind of witch to interest a modern audience, one that challenges stereotypes. In the next scene Macbeth is shown to be fighting agaisnt the Norweigen army single handedly, showing imense bravery. Therefore, the juxtaposition between Scene I and Scene II, in Act I, is evil and good, the complete opposites. The opening scene of the play is a future prediction about the battle between good and evil and ?Fair is foul and foul is fair.? In Act I Scene III Macbeth meets the witches upon a heath. The witches predict that Macbeth is going to become Thane of Cawdor and they ?hail Macbeth, that shalt be King Hereafter!? Later on in the scene Ross and Angus enter to tell Macbeth he is to become Thane of Cawdor. This instance of dramatic irony encourages Macbeth to... ...is leads up to Lady Macbeth falling to her death. The hallucinations of blood on her hands driving her to the point of insanity so much so that she had to commit suicide. The supernatural element of the play still has an effect on a modern audience. For example, ?Fair is foul and foul is fair.? It gets the audience guessing. When the audience meets a character that appears to be ?good? on the outside, it keeps them wondering what they are really like. After all, ?Macbeth? is a play designed to be performed for and to involve the audience. Although the supernatural nowadays take on a more friendly prevalence-than in the 1600?s- such as in TV programmes like Buffy or Sabrina, and aren?t considered as gruesome, evil characters, the supernatural in ?Macbeth? still have great dramatic impact on a 21st century audience.

My Gesellschaft Society Essay

Many young people in this day and age are tying to look act, and overall seem older. I deal with these struggles everyday in my life. Kids face many dilemmas in their trek to adulthood yet, they still try to obtain adulthood earlier by going through the â€Å"proper† rites of passage. These things create dilemmas, which can help or hinder lifetime goals. Two of the dilemmas that young people face today are peer pressure, and adult pressure. Kids today in the modern society encounter things such as smoking, drinking, and violence. In a Gemeinschaft society peer pressure is not going to be a really big issue in a teens life. All of the people in that society are probably going think and have the same ideal as everybody else in their community. Although in a Gesellschaft society, teens are going to struggle with different issues because no one thinks the same or follows the same ideas or trends. I know in my life it is very hard to stick to what I believe in. There is always going to be someone out there to tell you a different side of a situation. In some ways seeing two different views of a problem is good. It helps to weigh out the good and the bad. I live in a Gesellschaft society. The friends I hang around with have many different beliefs about everything. There is no way that we can all believe or follow the same ideas. Peer pressure is a very major dilemma when friends or peers try to get a person to do what they, the majority, like and not what the individual likes, or does not want to do. Peers create some of the so-called rites, when one follows, more start to follow, then it becomes the scenario of follow the leader. For example, some teens think that drinking is a passage into adulthood because the law states you must be 21 to drink. The logic of some teens indicates that if you drink you are considered an adult. Therefore if one teen tries it he/she is supposedly accepted as a more mature person, so more people will follow. Many adolescents fear their peers because of the fact that the peer group may  have set certain ideals, yet the individual may or may not have the resources to obtain the ideals. If there is a lack of resources then the individual may have a very low level of self-esteem. Many individuals do not care for the ideals yet they allow themselves to be converted to the majority and this can also create a problem with ones self-esteem. Peer pressure is not a bad thing. We all are influenced by our peers, both negatively and positively. It helps define who we are and how we feel about subjects in our lives. It is how we chose to react to peer pressure that defines who we are as an individual. Are we a leader or a follower? Both types of people are needed to make the world go round. Basically, the difference between negative and positive peer pressure is the outcome. The reverse of the situation above is negative peer pressure. The situation itself is positive peer pressure. For example, a teen really doesn’t like sports, but pushes himself to do it to please his friends or to be accepted. Therefore, he probably doesn’t do too well at it, and gets only criticism, which lowers his self-esteem from the very friends he is trying so hard to impress. That is a form of negative peer pressure. Another kind of pressure is adult pressure, adults create many dilemmas in a teens life. Adults tell teens what and what not to do. They make things harder by the fact that adults pressure teens into colleges, jobs, careers, and life over all. Adults also create self-esteem problems in teens by not respecting choices or decisions made by teens. For example, children are taught by their parents to supposedly know what is right or wrong. The child may not like their parents’ answer to a question or situation, and in some cases get furious at the decision and go and do the wrong thing. In a way this is a case of peer pressure because the child wants to do what his/her friends are doing which could be the wrong thing and the child gets mad at the parents because they say no. Adults pressure teens into not doing things also. Drugs, sex, and alcohol are some of the many things peers and adults disagree upon. The style of clothes one wears is also a big disagreement between the two groups. In a way adult pressure is worse than peer pressure. Adults control teens lives until they are eighteen years old or older. Adults may force a son or daughter to go to a certain college that the teen does not want to attend, or obtain a career that the teen does not want. Peer pressure is a normal aspect in a teen’s life. For example, if a parent doesn’t like the current teen fashion does not mean that a parent should have to fight it. When everyone at school is wearing jeans that are five times too big for them, and a teen wants to also, you can cut them some slack. But, if everyone is wearing these jeans down around their knees, you should have a battle. In conclusion the two pressures of peers, and adults are often conflicting. Sometimes neither is good, and other times both are good. Adult pressure is by far the worst creating many problems with youths today. Peer pressure may also create problems yet they are easier to deal with. The best thing to do is to respect one’s own decision for one’s self and no one else’s.

Free Essays on Echoes From The Macabre

In the story â€Å"Echoes from the Macabre† written by Daphne Du Maurier, all the characters have interesting traits. Out of all these characters, there are two that caught my eye. These characters are the two twin sisters that Laura met in Venice. She believes these sisters changed her life. In the very beginning of the story, the two sisters seem very mysterious. Laura and her husband, John notices the sisters staring at them while they are eating in a restaurant. Laura becomes overwhelmed and follows one of the sisters to the bathroom. Laura finds out that one of the sisters is psychic and observes the presence of their daughter, Christine who has passed away. She informs Laura that her sister who is blind saw Christine sitting with her and John in the restaurant. She says that Christine is happy. After a long conversation with the sister in the bathroom, Laura returns to her table to meet John and tells him the news. Laura is extremely happy while John expresses feelings of anger. He refuses to believe that such a thing is possible because Christine is dead. They finish eating and leave the restaurant to go tour the city of Venice. While they are sightseeing, John notices the sisters many times. He feels like they are being followed. He hopes that Laura does not notice them. He is irritated about what the sisters said about Christine and finds it very difficult to believe. Laura, on the other hand, has never been happier. She wonders if Christine is by their side every second of the day. The sisters are mysterious throughout the entire story. The author never mentions any major details about these characters. These characters are prominent and help the plot to grow and become extremely interesting throughout the story. Without these characters, the story would not be entertaining. At the end of the story, nothing is resolved with these characters. The reader is not sure if they were telling the truth about Christine.... Free Essays on Echoes From The Macabre Free Essays on Echoes From The Macabre In the story â€Å"Echoes from the Macabre† written by Daphne Du Maurier, all the characters have interesting traits. Out of all these characters, there are two that caught my eye. These characters are the two twin sisters that Laura met in Venice. She believes these sisters changed her life. In the very beginning of the story, the two sisters seem very mysterious. Laura and her husband, John notices the sisters staring at them while they are eating in a restaurant. Laura becomes overwhelmed and follows one of the sisters to the bathroom. Laura finds out that one of the sisters is psychic and observes the presence of their daughter, Christine who has passed away. She informs Laura that her sister who is blind saw Christine sitting with her and John in the restaurant. She says that Christine is happy. After a long conversation with the sister in the bathroom, Laura returns to her table to meet John and tells him the news. Laura is extremely happy while John expresses feelings of anger. He refuses to believe that such a thing is possible because Christine is dead. They finish eating and leave the restaurant to go tour the city of Venice. While they are sightseeing, John notices the sisters many times. He feels like they are being followed. He hopes that Laura does not notice them. He is irritated about what the sisters said about Christine and finds it very difficult to believe. Laura, on the other hand, has never been happier. She wonders if Christine is by their side every second of the day. The sisters are mysterious throughout the entire story. The author never mentions any major details about these characters. These characters are prominent and help the plot to grow and become extremely interesting throughout the story. Without these characters, the story would not be entertaining. At the end of the story, nothing is resolved with these characters. The reader is not sure if they were telling the truth about Christine....

Adverbial Definition and Examples

Adverbial Definition and Examples In English grammar, an adverbial is an individual word (that is, an adverb), a phrase (an adverbial phrase), or a clause (an adverbial clause) that can modify a verb, an adjective, or a complete sentence. Like almost any adverb, an adverbial can appear in many different positions in a sentence. Examples and Observations My sister usually visits on Sundays.When she isnt working, my sister visits on Sundays.My sister visits on Sundays when she isnt working. The Difference Between Adverbs and Adverbials Adverbs and adverbials are similar but not the same. Though they share the same modifying function, their characters are different. An adverbial is a sentence element or functional category. It is a part of a sentence that performs a certain function. An adverb, on the other hand, is a type of word or part of speech. We can say that an adverb may serve as an adverbial, but an adverbial is not necessarily an adverb. (M. Strumpf and A. Douglas, The Grammar Bible. Owl, 2004)I want to [draw] a distinction between two terms: adverb and adverbial. The former term is a label for a syntactic category, covering familiar single-word items such as quickly, happily, and spontaneously. The latter term refers to a function. Linguistic elements that have this function include adverbs plus other linguistic elements such as phrases (on the table, at the bookstore, next week, last year, etc.) and clauses (e.g., after he saw the movie). (Martin J. Endley, Linguistic Perspectives on English Grammar. Inf ormation Age, 2010) Types of Adverbials [The class of adverbial] includes manner and degree adverbs (e.g. happily, clumsily, quickly, very), temporal adverbials (e.g. now, when, today), spatial adverbials (here, north, up, across), attitudinal adverbials (certainly, hopefully), modal adverbials (not, no, probably, etc.), expectation adverbials (only, even, again), and textual adverbials (firstly, finally). (W. McGregor, Semiotic Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1997)In most cases when we talk about adverbial classes as classes exhibiting syntactic characteristics, the classes get a label that suggests a semantic basis of the classification. Picking randomly from different classifications and ordering them roughly from syntactically higher to lower adverbials, there are speaker-oriented speech act adverbials (frankly) and speaker-oriented evaluative ones (fortunately), evidential adverbials (evidently), epistemic adverbials (probably), domain adverbials (linguistically), subject-oriented or agent-oriented adverbials (delib erately), temporal adverbials (now), locative adverbials (here), quantificational adverbials (frequently), manner adverbials (slowly), degree adverbs (very), etc. (Jennifer R. Austin, Stefan Engelberg, and Gisa Rauh, Current Issues in the Syntax and Semantics of Adverbials. Adverbials: The Interplay Between Meaning, Context, and Syntactic Structure, ed. by J.R. Austin et al. John Benjamins, 2004) Placement of Adverbials In reality, adverbials are very free in their placement, appearing in different positions in the sentence, not just sentence final: sentence initial- [Yesterday], I ran a marathon.sentence final- I ran a marathon [yesterday].preverbal- I [always] run well in the heat.postverbal- I handed the baton [quickly] to the next runner.within the verb group- I have [never] won a race. The various types of adverbials behave differently, however; while all can occur sentence finally, time adverbials are acceptable sentence initially and sometimes preverbally, place adverbials are clumsy sentence initially, and manner adverbials frequently occur preverbally but are less good sentence initially. One position which is impossible for adverbials is between the verb and the direct object. (Laurel J. Brinton,  The Structure of Modern English. John Benjamins, 2000)

Nursing school personal statement Essay Example

Nursing school personal statement Essay Example Nursing school personal statement Essay Nursing school personal statement Essay Essay Topic: Middle School Nurses are an important lot of professionals in a world where diseases have continued to emerge and inflict pain and suffering on many people. What motivated me to take up nursing as a career is seeing how they cared for patients in hospitals. The dedication they put in ensuring that patients are comfortable and recuperate on time was also another source of motivation. Since I have the desire to be a leader and act as the primary source of influence within the medical facility, I would wish to enroll as a Clinical Nurse Leader. With such a position, I can prepare other nurses with the necessary skills required to excel in the changing healthcare environment. Also, I will strive to ensure that the quality of patient care is optimized. Quick and efficient recovery will be my top priority. The roles imposed on a clinical nurse leader are many, and one has to possess the capability to ensure they are all executed. Like any other head, a clinical nurse leader must have the right skills that make them stand out from the rest of the staff. As such, they can correct situations that are above the ability of the other nurses. However, cooperation with other nurses is essential for efficiency in a healthcare facility. Above all, the role I find most fascinating is drawing health care plans for patients. I find this function as one of the most important as a clinical nurse leader. If patients fail to receive the best care from the hospital, the blame falls upon the clinical nurse leader. Ensuring that patients are satisfied with services in the hospital would be my priority such that there is the likeliness of spread of word of mouth that the hospital I work in provides among the best services in the country. Drafting the care plans will require me to be interactive with nurses and other healthcare staff, and most importantly, the patients. Through such interactions, I can get their insights regarding my intended health strategy. I believe that sharing ones ideas with other parties is helpful when one is in any state of leadership especially within a medical facility.; After my graduation as a qualified clinical nurse leader, I would like to work in the pediatrics section. There are many activities involved in the children;s ward and becoming part of this team of pediatricians has always been my desire. Healthy children can attend school comfortably and enjoy their early life. My passion came after seeing how much the medical staff in my school struggled to treat us so that we would not miss classes. The efforts put by the then school nurse were encouraging and gave me the inspiration to pursue a nursing career. Another factor that drives me to work in the pediatrics section is the desire to put a smile on sick children and guide them through their recovery while in the hospital.; Finally, five years from now, I would like to have earned my Masters Degree and started practicing as a clinical nurse leader in a middle or large hospital. I would like to have applied many, if not all, the skills that I will have gathered at the end of my studies. Also, it would be my wish to have earned myself a position in the pediatrics section as that would make my dream come true.

Portfolio Project Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Portfolio Project - Research Paper Example For constructing the portfolio, the stocks of internationally reputed companies like Johnson & Johnson (JNJ), South-west Airlines (LUV), IBM, Procter & Gamble (PG) and Hewlett & Packard (HPQ) has been selected. These companies pay dividend which is one of the pre-requisites set by the client. All the information relating to profitability, operations and other related activities of the company are easily accessible. This is important as the analysis of the company fundamentals is possible only if the requisite information is available. Moreover the selected companies belong to various sectors thus fulfilling the main purpose of portfolio i.e. ‘diversification’. Johnson & Johnson is the leading health services provider in US. The company extends support for the promotion of health and related services. It started its operations in the country nearly 20 years back and is presently working towards a global expansion. South-west Airlines is the leading airlines in US that managed to retain profitability even amidst the recent financial turmoil. During this time when the major airlines across the globe were struggling to stay afloat South-west Airlines managed its profitability status through efficient management operations. International Business Machines (IBM) is an IT company operating across five segments Global Business Services Segment (GBS), Global Technology Services (GTS) and Global Financing Segment. In the last few years the company has been engaged in the acquisition of companies like SPSS Inc, Lombardi, National Interest Security Company LLC etc (MSN Money-a, 2010). Procter & Gamble provides branded consumer goods. The company operates across 180countries through grocery stores, drug stores, mass merchandisers etc. Its business segments include beauty grooming, baby care, home care, health care, pet care family care and fabric care (MSN Money-b, 2010). The prices of all the above

Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Governance - Essay Example The right role requires board member engagement. The traditional model has a passive board that requires minimal participation from the board whose main job was to approve management decision. The CEO has the discretion and the board has limited accountability. The certifying board model focuses on credibility to shareholders ensuring that the business is managed properly and CEO meets requirements. The engaged board is likened to a CEO’s partner that constantly provides insight, advice, and support on key decisions and actively defines role and boundaries. The intervening board asserts its presence and deeply involved in key decisions through intense meetings. The operating board decides what the management implements and usually characterized by start-ups where executives still need more management experience. The right work requires the boards to potentially participate in dozens of distinct areas although focus may be on legal areas such as counseling senior management, ev aluating CEO, and ensuring effective audit, among others. Ideally, the working board must also be able to provide support to directors who need help, whom to retain for the next term as well as those to release. Committees may also help them stay in focus and concentrate on specific issues. The right people in the board require competence as a group and as individuals, but in reality, capabilities mismatch expectations. The right agenda requires the need for the board to discuss then thoroughly through annual off-site meetings beyond the regular ones where they mingle with the management and employees to gain insight as well as get fruitful results. Right information should not be too much or too little but enough to provide exact and necessary information that they need to know and discuss. The right culture engages the board with candor and willingness to challenge as it reflects the social and work dynamics of a performing team (Nadler, 2004). The Principles of Good Governance an d The Seven Practices Lawrence and Weber (year) prescribed five principles of good governance for the board through selection of outside directors to fill majority of positions, conduct open elections for members of the board, appoint independent lead director or chairman of the board and hold regular meetings without the CEO present, align director compensation with corporate performance, and evaluate the board's own performance on a regular basis. The overlap between the lists of Nadler and Lawrence and Weber is that Lawrence and Weber’s list is encompassed on Nadler’s right mind-set. Nadler’s is more encompassing, extensive, and specific while Lawrence and Weber’s were traditional at most. Executive Pay and the Principles of Board Practices Through the right people method, Nadler’s practices may eliminate those which are performing questionably, thus maintaining performers that may be threatened with competition. In addition, transparency and eq uity is also promoted in order to determine that it is not only senior management or executives that monopolize compensation but must be distributed equally to all members of the organization as one component should be determined as important as the others. This will help distribute compensation from the executives down to the rank and file (Martinelli, 2011). Board Performance and Application to Disney One of the bigger problems of the Walt

Paying for Hospital Services Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paying for Hospital Services - Assignment Example Here, patients are advantaged in a way that they enjoy the freedom to choose directly on the physician they want and generally benefit from a sufficient access to health care services. In addition, these patients can see their physicians even out of state and they do not have to wait for long to consult a specialist. The disadvantage of FFS is that, they are not quite affordable when compared to other mechanisms. Since it gives providers a strong incentive to offer more and rewarding items, FFS can be a disadvantageous tool for containing costs. Lastly, it is anticipated that the fee application plans must comprise lots of administration costs to view resources required for monitoring, adjustments, and monitoring of schedules (Medicare Payment Advisory Commission, 2010). Per Diem simply involves daily payment of services given by physicians or the hospital. It is beneficial because it encourages physicians to deliver better services. In some cases, the average per diem rate is forthright to implement and calculate since it can be founded on the total historical expenses divided by the entire number of bed-ways for a given group of services, such as maternity care. The average rate in this method can also be adjusted to mirror case-mix and patient characteristics, which may be a significant transition method, since per diem are manageably simple to implement and can be a good starting point when collecting data essential in case-based systems (Office for Oregon Health Policy and Research, 2008). According to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid (2009), the Diagnosis-Related Groups system classifies patients into groups basing on their economic and medical records, similar hospital resource costs and use. Here, providers are paid at a fixed rate for every discharge depending on the diagnosis, type of discharge, and treatment. For this reason, DRGs possess a

The Nursing Shortage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Nursing Shortage - Essay Example It is vital to know that recruitment is not enough to assure an adequate supply of nurses. American Nurses Association has created a national initiative to deal with the issues that have galvanized the profession. Every hospital in the country must focus on both retention and recruitment as future cornerstones of an adequate workforce. A nursing shortage as defined by IOM â€Å"is a condition whereby there are not enough of professional nurses to provide quality of care of patients† (as cited in Quinn, 2002, p.2). National studies and reports have identified factors that have led to a profound nursing shortage: the aging of society (Martin et al., 2001); an aging nursing workforce (Buerhaus, Staiger, and Auerbach, 2000a; Minnick 2000) a decline in nursing enrollments (American Association of Colleges or Nursing [AACN], 2001); this shortage is uniquely serious in that it is connected to both an increased demand for, and also a decreased supply of nurses. There have been lots of articles published in both nursing journals and public newspaper across the country about the worldwide nursing shortage. First and foremost is aging of the nursing workforce. The average age of nurses in the United States is 46 (Buerhaus, 2000). There has also been declining enrollment in nursing programs over the past decade, as women are able to move into other science focused roles besides nursing (Buerhaus, 2000). Also, highschool counselors tend not to recommend nursing to male or female students interested in science. The salary structures in many health care facilities keep experienced registered nurses at lower salaries compared to other industries. A decreasing emphasis on retention of working nurses by many hospitals has caused nurses to feel that their concerns about stress and patient safety are not being heard or acted upon. Poorly trained managers or brusque, unkind preceptors often leave staff nurses feeling undervalued and not appreciated. The

Child Care Aboriginal Australia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Child Care Aboriginal Australia - Essay Example "Assimilation" refers to the attempts of white Australian government to intermesh Aboriginal and white culture, often with the purpose of eventually eradicating Aboriginal culture. Under the 1940's assimilation policy, many Aborigines were removed from their own territory and forced to settle n new areas. Indeed, many Aborigines intertwined with whites. Sally Morgan's autobiographical novel, My Place, serves as an example of this mixed generation. "Dispossession" occurred when the White Australian government forced many Aborigines away from their original home. As a result, land which had originally been deemed sacred became the possession of white Australia. These occurrences of "dispossession" were particularly hard for Aborigines, who tied their beliefs and religion with particular geographic areas. This strong Aboriginal emphasis of land can be seen particularly in Aboriginal paintings and other forms of artwork. "Personal racism" refers to the subconscious idea that exists among some white Australians that Aboriginal identity is less valuable than white identity. This racism occurs on a personal level because white Australians believed that the darkness of someone's skin reflect their Aboriginal identity. ... The belief emphasized that it was up to Aborigines to gain land rights and reclaim their native lands. This period marked a great period of social progress for Aborigines and would eventually result in reclaiming many lost lands. "Invasion" occurred when English natives began to establish posts and reservations in Australia. In an Aboriginal perspective, the "invasion" of whites into Aboriginal culture resulted in the destruction of traditional Aboriginal society and the dispossession of most Aboriginal settlements. "Land rights" refer to the battle Aborigines face in reclaiming their own land. Within the past century, Aboriginals have won various land claims which provided back certain territories. Beginning with the Aboriginal Land Act of 1976, Aborigines have begun to reclaim their native lands. This phrase also represents the clash in thought between Aborigines and white Australians over who owns certain areas. Although white Australians physically own certain native Aboriginal lands, Aborigines claim that their religious and cultural beliefs entitle them to possession of sacred Aboriginal territory. Although the white Australian government attempted to mix Aboriginals with white society, "segregation" was still practiced in Australia and separated Aboriginal people from whites. On a basic level, Aboriginals were given certain areas to live apart from whites. "Segregation" was also practiced within society and many people who contained even one Aboriginal ancestor were segregated against as being less than people of entirely white heritage. "Terra nullius", a Latin phrase meaning "empty land", refers to a 17th century legal concept that allowed

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity - Essay Example There are numerous similarities and differences among all religions. Religions portray some sort of symbol or icon which they worship but cannot see. Every religion teaches non-violence as well as sacred beliefs. They all entail beliefs in a god or gods and that they all have a final destination. This paper will research three diverse faiths and compare the viewpoint of providing healthcare from the perception of each of these faiths with that of the Christian perspective and my own personal perspective. Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Introduction Healing is thought as something that originates from medical science, but many religions are now looming on different spiritual or religious beliefs to cater for the healing process of their faithful (O’Brien, 2011). For individuals in the health care industry, it is essential to understand basic spiritual and religious beliefs because they offers more insight into how patients process and perceive their diseases or illness es. Christianity There are numerous religious practices and beliefs depending on an individual, denomination or church. In spite of the varying principles, there are numerous common practices among Christians today (O’Brien, 2011). A majority of Christians are baptized and take the Holy Communion. These are sacred beliefs, which a majority of Christians practice. ... Through asking for forgiveness and God’s intervention, Christians believe that the illness will disappear. Many Christians will first attempt spiritual healing prior to trying surgery or medical healing. Even though Christians opt for divine intervention when dealing with illnesses, they also consider medical intervention as a vital tool for healing (O’Brien, 2011). Christianity has a significant influence throughout the globe. Christianity is also one of the most dominant religions currently. Health care providers, therefore, need to understand the beliefs and doctrines of Christians. Buddhism Buddhism, just like numerous other religions, has different traditions. However, there are several principles that are shared by Buddhists and other religions. Buddhists strive for peace, love and fullness throughout their lives (Bloom, 2011). They use prayers as a tool of regaining mental stability and healing. When Buddhists pray, they must attach four points of their body to t he ground. A majority of Buddhists, for instance, attach the knees and the elbows to the ground when saying their prayers. The touching of the ground with four points symbolizes the heroes in the Buddhists religions. The first and foremost priority in their life is God. The second one is conceding to their ancestors. Their third priority is paying respect to their parents and guardians. Finally, their fourth priority is paying tribute to any teacher in their lives. Buddhists do not believe in evil things (Bloom, 2011). Normally, they are satisfied but do not consider whether a person has done a good or evil thing during his/her lifetime. Buddhists consider healthcare workers to be second to God. Healthcare providers are, therefore, widely respected in the Buddhist spiritual world and religion.

The Nursing Shortage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Nursing Shortage - Essay Example It is vital to know that recruitment is not enough to assure an adequate supply of nurses. American Nurses Association has created a national initiative to deal with the issues that have galvanized the profession. Every hospital in the country must focus on both retention and recruitment as future cornerstones of an adequate workforce. A nursing shortage as defined by IOM â€Å"is a condition whereby there are not enough of professional nurses to provide quality of care of patients† (as cited in Quinn, 2002, p.2). National studies and reports have identified factors that have led to a profound nursing shortage: the aging of society (Martin et al., 2001); an aging nursing workforce (Buerhaus, Staiger, and Auerbach, 2000a; Minnick 2000) a decline in nursing enrollments (American Association of Colleges or Nursing [AACN], 2001); this shortage is uniquely serious in that it is connected to both an increased demand for, and also a decreased supply of nurses. There have been lots of articles published in both nursing journals and public newspaper across the country about the worldwide nursing shortage. First and foremost is aging of the nursing workforce. The average age of nurses in the United States is 46 (Buerhaus, 2000). There has also been declining enrollment in nursing programs over the past decade, as women are able to move into other science focused roles besides nursing (Buerhaus, 2000). Also, highschool counselors tend not to recommend nursing to male or female students interested in science. The salary structures in many health care facilities keep experienced registered nurses at lower salaries compared to other industries. A decreasing emphasis on retention of working nurses by many hospitals has caused nurses to feel that their concerns about stress and patient safety are not being heard or acted upon. Poorly trained managers or brusque, unkind preceptors often leave staff nurses feeling undervalued and not appreciated. The

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity - Essay Example There are numerous similarities and differences among all religions. Religions portray some sort of symbol or icon which they worship but cannot see. Every religion teaches non-violence as well as sacred beliefs. They all entail beliefs in a god or gods and that they all have a final destination. This paper will research three diverse faiths and compare the viewpoint of providing healthcare from the perception of each of these faiths with that of the Christian perspective and my own personal perspective. Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Introduction Healing is thought as something that originates from medical science, but many religions are now looming on different spiritual or religious beliefs to cater for the healing process of their faithful (O’Brien, 2011). For individuals in the health care industry, it is essential to understand basic spiritual and religious beliefs because they offers more insight into how patients process and perceive their diseases or illness es. Christianity There are numerous religious practices and beliefs depending on an individual, denomination or church. In spite of the varying principles, there are numerous common practices among Christians today (O’Brien, 2011). A majority of Christians are baptized and take the Holy Communion. These are sacred beliefs, which a majority of Christians practice. ... Through asking for forgiveness and God’s intervention, Christians believe that the illness will disappear. Many Christians will first attempt spiritual healing prior to trying surgery or medical healing. Even though Christians opt for divine intervention when dealing with illnesses, they also consider medical intervention as a vital tool for healing (O’Brien, 2011). Christianity has a significant influence throughout the globe. Christianity is also one of the most dominant religions currently. Health care providers, therefore, need to understand the beliefs and doctrines of Christians. Buddhism Buddhism, just like numerous other religions, has different traditions. However, there are several principles that are shared by Buddhists and other religions. Buddhists strive for peace, love and fullness throughout their lives (Bloom, 2011). They use prayers as a tool of regaining mental stability and healing. When Buddhists pray, they must attach four points of their body to t he ground. A majority of Buddhists, for instance, attach the knees and the elbows to the ground when saying their prayers. The touching of the ground with four points symbolizes the heroes in the Buddhists religions. The first and foremost priority in their life is God. The second one is conceding to their ancestors. Their third priority is paying respect to their parents and guardians. Finally, their fourth priority is paying tribute to any teacher in their lives. Buddhists do not believe in evil things (Bloom, 2011). Normally, they are satisfied but do not consider whether a person has done a good or evil thing during his/her lifetime. Buddhists consider healthcare workers to be second to God. Healthcare providers are, therefore, widely respected in the Buddhist spiritual world and religion.

Persuasive Speech Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Speech Essay Persuasive Speech Attention Getter: I would like to start my presentation off by telling you all to ask yourselves a series of fairly straight forward questions. I want you to take a look at you’re, any hand and ask your selves â€Å"Who’s hand is this? † Do the same with your other hand, and now both legs and your arms if you would like. If I am not mistaking the answer to all your questions are mine right. They are your hands, legs, and arms. What I am trying to get through to you all today is that your body is your body and that a person should be able to profit of his or her own body if done in a safe and controlled way. Audience Motivation: By attending this presentation today you will come to realize that some of the laws and effects of prostitution are scoured and misunderstood. You will see that prostitution is not all bad like it is portrayed to be. Speaker Credibility: I have researched and been intrigued of this topic for several years now. While reading numerous books, articles and also speaking with two former prostitutes whom they would like their name to stay anonymous. I feel as though I have gained the knowledge to successfully debate the controversial issue of legalizing prostitution here in America. Thesis Statement: While supporting the legalization of prostitution I will provide you all with accurate and up to date statistical information concerning prostitution and how the anti-prostitution laws are clearly not working. I will give you some benefits on is to why prostitution should be legal, and why we can make prostitution a safe job for males and females. Main Body A. According to an article titled â€Å"The Oldest Profession† Published in 2009 by Prostitute’s Education Network in New York, Arrest figures in 2009 range over 500,000 and over 2 million people in the US have worked as prostitutes. Anti-prostitution laws are not working the frequency of prostitution is not been affected by anti-prostitution laws. For instance over the past decade prostitution has steadily increased by 9%. What anti-prostitution laws have done is merely drive prostitution underground, creating a much more dangerous situation for prostitutes, their customers, and society. Currently most everywhere in the United States, our legal system penalizes prostitutes and their customers for what they do as consenting adults. Money is still spent on law enforcement efforts to catch prostitutes and their customers. Once caught, justice departments have to process these people through very expensive systems. What are the end results? Police personnel and courtrooms are overburdened with these cases, having little or no impact on prostitution. The prostitutes and their customers pay their fines and are back to the streets in no time in a revolving door process. Catch and release may work for recreational fishing but it has no deterring effect on prostitution. Verbal Citation: (Journal Article): â€Å"The Oldest Profession† by James Rupert Published by Prostitute’s Education Network in 2009 B. When reading an article titled â€Å"Legalized Prostitution† published in 2010, by The Liberator in New Jersey, it gave me some great facts on the benefits that would come out of the legalizing of prostitution. If you would think about it making prostitution legal will allow the act to be managed instead of ignored. Pimps and organized crime figures, which regularly treat their workers on subhuman levels, would no longer control women. In some countries, prostitute rings buy and sell women on the black market, force their women to comply through violence and create unhealthy working conditions. When prostitutes operate independently and in secret, many times they become abused by their own customers. Also It is estimated that 100,000 to 3 million teens are nearly invisibly prostituted per year in the United States. If we allow prostitution to remain hidden from view and basically invisible to the law as it is today, we allow a number of teens to be swept up into prostitution every year. When adult women decide to exchange money for sex, it is a personal choice open to them under a free democratic society. When troubled minors who do not yet have the social survival skills decide to prostitute, they are often manipulated by opportunists who exploit these teens, typically leading to horrific ends. Regulated prostitution has many benefits encounters can happen within controlled environments that bring about safety for both the customers and the prostitutes. Prostitutes would no longer be strong-armed by pimps or organized crime rings. Underage prostitution would be significantly cut. Another benefit on the government side is that making prostitution legal would mean that it is a business and as such is subject to taxation and government regulation. During recent stories a girl who called herself a hofessional and said that she made half a million dollars last year doing something that she enjoyed. She said that she plans to retire at age 30 as a millionaire and then get married and have a family. Taxes on several girls with that kind of income would make quite a bit of revenue plus from all the pimps and other related businesses not to be forgotten and this money can easily go to helping the economy. Verbal Citation: (journal Article) by Patrick Hatcher published, by The Liberator in 2010 C. Lastly after speaking with the two former prostitutes who shall remain unnamed they brought to my attention that legalizing prostitution it would provide a healthier living place. This is why; the health of the girls would be monitored weekly if it was legalized. There are about 30 legal brothels operating in Nevada at the moment, and the girls and guys in them are all checked for Sexually Transmitted Diseases and many other things such as cervical cancer, uterine cancer, and breast cancer several times a month. If the girls are healthy and disease free then that means the customers wont be passing around any problems to other partners. With all the disease and other medical problems being brought in by all these illegal immigrants, legalizing and monitoring the prostitutes would help eliminate at least one source of disease. Conclusion: While advocating for the legalization of prostitution, I have brought forth to you strong statistical facts showing that anti-prostitution laws are not cutting it, benefits that prostitution will provide, and how we can make prostitution a safe occupation. Thank you.

Development Of Autobiographical Memory Psychology Essay

Development Of Autobiographical Memory Psychology Essay Three Forms of Social Interaction in Early Life and the Development, Organisation and Maintenance of Autobiographical Memory. Autobiographical memories are those enduring memories of events and personal experiences which are drawn from in the construction of an individuals life story. The personal and social meanings attached to those memories provide us and those we relate our story to, with a sense of how we became who we are. The development of an inner autobiographical knowledge base begins with the onset of the cognitive self and social interaction plays an important role in shaping and maintaining our memories. This essay will describe three forms of social interaction and how these influence the development, organisation and maintenance of autobiographical memory early in life. The interaction forms described focus on gender development, personality development and distancing from the negative emotions of an event. There is debate in psychology over the timeframe in which autobiographical memories begin to develop. The sociolinguistic argument states that the acquisition of language is crucial to early life development of autobiographical memories which are created in the construction of our personal narrative (Fivush, Haden Reese, 2006). Proponents of the cognitive perspective however, have found empirical support for their argument that the development of the cognitive self, awareness of self as a separate individual, during the second year is of greater importance than the onset of language (Howe, Courage, Edison 2003). Howe et al. report the period of amnesia in infants ends with the ability to recognise oneself and self consciously touch a red spot surreptitiously placed on ones nose by an experimenter (2003). There is consensus however, that social interaction plays a vital role in the maintenance of memories and how these memories are recounted. Cross-cultural studies have shown that culturally driven styles of interaction lead children to create their story from culturally shaped memories. Investigation of American and Asian mother and child reminiscence reveal the promotion of independence and personal actualisation valued in American culture and interdependence and modesty valued in Asian culture occur during mother child interaction (Wang Brockmeier, 2002). Comparisons of Chinese and American student memories clearly demonstrate these culturally shaped practices influence how events are encoded into autobiographical memory. American students remember detailed events which emphasise the autonomous, assured self, while Chinese students are more likely to remember less detailed events with group orientation and personal humility (Wang Brockmeier, 2002). Research suggests that parent and care-giver reminiscence style and content aids the development of culturally determined gender norms, values and beliefs. Fivush (1994) found during observations that white middle class mothers tended to be more elaborative in their talk about personally relevant past with girls than boys, whose language skills where not developed enough to steer or influence the conversation. Greater adult reminiscence elaboration and encouragement to construct their own narrative aids a childs autobiographical recall and solidifies the memories (Fivush, Haden Reese, 2006). Further, mothers clearly distinguished between boys and girls when leading talk about the emotional content of events. Girls tended to be given the message that they should seek out an adult to resolve fear or sadness and were encouraged to find resolution to conflict within their own relationships. Talk with boys included more emphasis on independence and attribution and explanation of anger wi th less talk of resolution. These patterns suggest that western children are socialised to understand that anger is more tolerable in boys than girls, and girls have greater responsibility towards others feelings in relationships (Fivush, 1994). Studies with adults confirm that western women and men remember differently, women recall more events that are relationship focussed (Skowski, Gibbons, Vogl Walker, 2004). The research discussed suggests that gender identities are influenced in early social interaction and autobiographical memories will develop to reflect the gendered values of ones culture. Another form of reminiscence between adult and young child serves to reinforce desirable aspects of the childs developing personality and discourage less desirable aspects. Discussion of a childs memories builds self awareness but can illicit tension, for example disapproval in relation to an episode when the child was particularly stubborn. The tension lies between the childs ideal self (loveable) actual self (stubborn) and ought self (co-operative) (Conway Pleydell-Pearce, 2000). Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000) devised the Self Memory System to explain how autobiographical memory is organised in terms of the complex hierarchical goal structure of the working-self which interacts with the autobiographical knowledge base. The onset of self consciousness, the cognitive self is necessary for the organisation of memories (Howe et al., 2003). The working-self goals of a young child, i.e. to be loved and accepted, are motivated by needs such as, to increase positive affect and reduce n egative affect (Conway, Singer Tagini, 2004). Conway et al. (2004) suggest that self defining memories have the strength to incorporate personal scripts into enduring autobiographical knowledge. Scripts, for example stubborn behaviour, the associated emotion and outcome, become cues and link together related autobiographical memories into themes. If being loved and accepted is a childs goal the theme stubbornness, will activate relevant memories from cues in the situation and help the child predict if being stubborn in a context will elicit a loving parental response or the opposite. In this way memories are organised to be drawn on as tools to assess how plausible and reachable goals are (Conway et al., 2004). However memories are malleable and can become distorted across time and in interaction. Researchers have found that the organisation of autobiographical memories, linked together by themes activated by contextual cues, is the foundations of personality (Woike, Gershkovich, P iorkowski Polo, 1999). Reminiscence between care-giver and child can function to equip the child with the skill to step back from the negative affect associated with an original event. On the other hand adults will encourage children to savour the positive affect tagged to an event. A body of research has demonstrated that people generally experience the fading affect bias, where event positive affect is much stronger at recall than equivalent event negative affect (Ritchie, Skowronski, Wood, Walker, Vogl Gibbons, 2006). The more a memory is talked over the better the maintenance of the memory and the stronger the fading affect bias (Skowronski et. al, 2004). From approximately two and a half years children begin to understand reasoning and often becomes fixated on why questions. Once this questioning is realised care-givers can incorporate an understanding of why events happened in their reminiscence with the child. Reduction of negative affect is the result of conscious self-distancing from the affect a nd paying attention to why they feel negatively instead of focussing on what they experienced (Kross, Ayduk Mischel, 2005). Kross et al. (2005) found that negative affect does not fade if the individual uses a cognitive immersion strategy while reflecting on the unpleasant memory. Cognitive distancing from negative affect and savouring positive affect may be skills learned in childhood, and could be contributing to the fading affect bias in autobiographical memory found in adult populations. The persons life story begins to develop in early childhood with the development of the cognitive self. The specific construction of the story will be heavily influenced by adult led conversations shaped by the family and cultural values the child is born into. Life stories convey who we are, for example our beliefs about gender norms, and are built selectively from autobiographical memories. A person will be motivated by their current goals to emphasise aspects to of their history and personality through the reconstruction of the past that maximise positive affect in that particular context. Adult child reminiscence aids the organisation of these memories which are linked together by themes and activated by cues in the environment. Adults also have the capacity to teach children to enjoy the positive feelings linked to memories and to distance themselves from negative emotion attached to memory by stepping back and asking why an event is unpleasant.

The Politics of Poe :: Essays Papers

The Politics of Poe Edgar Allen Poe is known as the pioneer of the American short story, as well as a brilliant artist in poetry. His works are often tragic, or have a dark theme. Two often overlooked facets of Poe as a writer, however, are the political aspect of his works, and how far ahead he was of his time, with some material being applicable to present day situations, as exemplified by Sonnet to Science, The City in the Sea, and The Masque of the Red Death. The City in the Sea tells of a great city, with â€Å"†¦shrines and palaces and towers†¦ [which] †¦resemble nothing that is ours† (6-8). This may be a representation of metropolises at the time, for instance Philadelphia or New York City, or more likely Baltimore, where he lived at the time the poem was originally published, 1831. The description given of the city, with â€Å"†¦the good and the bad and the worst and the best†(4) and â€Å"Up domesï‚ ¾up spiresï‚ ¾up kingly halls†(17) along with multiple descriptions of a dismal atmosphere and the sea, are reminiscent of present day Manhattan Island, or Seattle. A tale of doom warns of â€Å"Hell, rising from a thousand thrones/ Shall do it reverence.(52-53) for the city. This is how many people today feel about New York City, Los Angeles, and other megalopolises. This could be a warning to the nineteenth century cities. The proverbial calm before the storm is vividly, yet tragically depicted when â€Å"†¦no ripples curl, alas!†(36), â€Å"No swellings tell of winds may be/[†¦] on seas less hideously serene.†(38-40). â€Å"But lo, a stir is in the air!/ The waveï‚ ¾there is a movement there!†(42-43). The storm has hit! The repeated use of exclamation marks in an otherwise relatively â€Å"serenely† punctuated poem gives an even more dramatic effect to the storm, strengthening the idea of peril. Though the â€Å"era of good feelings† was still prevalent during the time when the poem was first written, the civil war was beginning to brew. A division was beginning to form over the issue of slavery. This calm before the storm, and the storm that hits, as well as the built up city depicted, sings a premonition of the civil war. The Sonnet-To Science not only tells of the dangers in Poe’s time, but could easily be applied today.

The Effects of Snowboarding on the Skiing Industry :: essays papers

The Effects of Snowboarding on the Skiing Industry The ski industry has been around since the beginning of the century. Since that time the retailing industry of the ski world has been on a steady increase. At the beginning of this decade the increase began to skyrocket. However, skiing was not the reason for the growth. The reason for the dramatic increase in industry sales in the retail world of skiing was due to snowboarding. By now almost everyone in the country has either seen a snowboard, ridden one, or knows someone who has. The purpose of this paper is to discuss what snowboarding is, and to shed some light on the financial aspects of this new sport. Snowboarding hit the scene in 1972. Jake Burton, at the age of 15, decided that he had enough of skiing and wanted to do something a little different. With a little ingenuity and some of his dads tools he began working on the first snowboard. His project lasted about three weeks and when he was done he decided to take his invention to the slopes and she how it worked. This was almost the end of snowboarding. Every slope Jake went to denied him access, saying that they only allowed skis on the hills. Jake was a very determined kid and this did not stop him. He began hiking every back-country trail he could find and he became quite efficient at snowboarding. At the same time he continued to knock on all the ticket windows at every resort but still had no success. He decided that the only way he could prove his invention was nothing more than a different version of a ski would be to make a video of himself riding down the back country hills. This was no easy task, keep in mind the year is 1972. Jake was determined and he met up with a guy named Craig Kelly who at the time was into video production of skateboarding and skiing. Jake gave the sales pitch and Craig bit hook, line, and sinker. The next week the video was complete and Jake took it to all the resorts with Craig and they pled their case. By this time Jake had made about a dozen more prototypes of his snowboard and all his best friends were riding them. Finally a small mountain, Okemo, said "O.K. Jake you can ride, but only during the week" This was all it took and from then on almost anyone that saw this crazy kid zipping down the hill on a wooden board with both feet strapped to it began to ask questions.

Effectiveness of the Criminal Justice System in NSW

‘Evaluate the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in NSW'The NSW criminal justice system relates to all areas associated with the law and law enforcement, including those who are incarcerated, on probation, or suspected of committing a criminal offence. In evaluating the effectiveness of the criminal justice system in NSW there are three issues which can be considered; alternatives to gaol, charge negotiation and the role of the courts.These issues promote or demote the effectiveness of the NSW criminal justice system, especially when evaluated in terms of equality, accessibility, resource efficiency, and the balance of rights for victims, offenders and society. These issues are also discussed widely in the media, which presents a different perspective for many of these issues, and provides the necessary pressure required to initiate law reform on these issues. One of the most important issues in the NSW criminal justice system is the availability of alternatives in punishment, aside from incarceration. Apart from criminal infringement notices, there are many more serious alternatives to a prison sentence, including home detention. Home detention, created under the Home Detention Act 1996 (NSW), is applicable for certain offenders, who have committed non-violent crimes and have been sentenced to less than 18 months imprisonment. Home detention is likely to be controversial for more serious offences such as murder or sexual assault, as there is possible high risk of reoffending. Community service orders are also available as a means of shaming and punishing offenders, while facilitating rehabilitation by requiring a period of amending their wrongs towards the community. Diversionary programs are used to divert certain offenders from reoffending, through rehabilitation. Over 150 offenders a year complete The Drug Courts diversionary program. According to the NSW Crime Bureau analysis of the effectiveness of the Drug court, they found that; 37% of criminals were less likely to be reconvicted for any offence, 65% were less likely to be reconvicted for offences against the person and 57% were less likely to be reconvicted for a drug offence. The use of these alternatives are effective in terms of the aforementioned criteria as it provides a sense of equality between different members of society tried for the same crimes, as they each have the capacity to be given the same diversionary program, as long as they satisfy the necessary criteria. The diversionary programs are very resource efficient as they typically cost less per day than the $205 necessary for the average prison inmate. It also provides a balance of rights for the victims and the offenders, as well as society as they are all benefiting from these programs. Charge negotiation, including plea bargaining, is where charges are either dropped, or reduced in return for an early guilty plea, as set out in the Crimes (Sentencing Procedure) Act 1999. There are many issues associated with charge negotiation, as shown through ‘True Plea on Justice', a Daily Telegraph article published on October 11th 2010, which details the plight of victims of crime, who are not told of the charge negotiation taking place, until they attend the trial. Under new guidelines from the state government, prosecutors must now complete a certificate detailing the consultation with victims and their families. This reform of current guidelines shows the inadequacies when regarding the balance of rights for victims, although this issues is being rectified. Charge negotiation is also effective when assessed for resource efficiency, as the cost of a sometimes lengthy trial is avoided. The role of the courts is imperative to having an effective legal system. The role of the courts is to ensure a fair trial ensues. Equality within the court system is a major concept, and is exemplified through the necessary impartiality of magistrates, judges and juries. Once again to ensure equity judges and magistrates are bound to follow precedent, or follow sentencing guidelines according to the Criminal Procedure Amendment (Sentencing Guidelines) Act 1998. Many of the crimes prosecuted are outlined in the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW), which is accessible to all members of the public, under the rule of law. The courts attempt to use resources efficiently by using juries in all matters bar summary offences, and by requiring ‘leave to seek appeal' when appealing to the Supreme Court to ensure that court resources are not tied up in unsubstantiated appeals. The courts also provide a balance for victims, offenders and society, by providing necessary sentences the magistrate or judge feels is necessary to reflect the standards of society, ensure a fair outcome for victims and also to not be excessive to offenders. The criminal justice system in NSW is effective in the sense that it provides an equal, accessible and resource efficient system in which justice is achieved. It also provides an impartial field for offenders to be tried, and as such come to outcomes that benefit the victim and society as a whole. There have been recent developments to ensure this balance remains, as is the case of victims regarding charge negotiation, showing the development and thus effectiveness of the criminal justice system in reflecting societies beliefs and values.

Creation of amended television Essay

Introduction To determine the success of the common policy European Union directive regarding the amended television without frontiers act, it is necessary first to understand the objectives of the act and the broader objectives fostered by the European Union regarding television and broadcasting. In general, the European Union aims at establishing and maintaining free movement of capital, goods and persons. There is also a general effort to establish the conditions necessary for unrestricted broadcasting across the territory of its Member States. This means that the EU generally strives to allow television broadcasting of member-state content to happen freely within the EU. The â€Å"Television Without Frontiers† Directive is the legal document that establishes the framework for television broadcasting activities in the EU to occur in this unrestricted fashion. Overall and most often, this directive is considered the â€Å"cornerstone† of the European broadcasting policy. This should give at least some notion that it is generally considered to be a success; most specifically this success is noted in terms of its principle objective, which is to co-ordinate the national rules of Member States regarding the television broadcasting. As necessary, the â€Å"Television Without Frontiers† Directive looks to remove barriers established by internal markets for television broadcasting and related services within the Union and also to establish a   broader means of governing the broadcasting activities of Member States as a collective unit. Areas in which the broadcasting directive is most fundamental include in the freedom of reception and retransmission, the promotion of production and distribution of European programs to provide access to major sporting events from around the EU and establish and maintain measures to protect minors. The Amended Television Without Frontiers Directive: Overview Digital television first launched in Europe between 1995 and 1996. The first digital service in Europe dramatically changed the landscape for audiovisual communications and broadcasting. Increased deregulation and the introduction of new technology within the broadcasting sector appeared to pave the way for still further developments. Digital technology, from the get-go, both multiplied and diversified the broadcasting channels and services series. It also established a convergence of the telecommunications, media and information technology sectors (Aubry, 2000). By 1997 and 1998, interested authorities had confirmation of a new trend in the broadcasting industry. The Statistical Yearbook of the Strasbourg-based European Audiovisual Observatory confirmed that the progress of digital technology in Europe was creating a significant growth in the number of broadcasting operators, particularly pay-TV and pay-per-view services. Over 330 digital channels broadcast by satellite at the beginning of 1997. In 1996, only a year before, the number of broadcasting channels was as low as ten (European Audiovisual Observatory, 1997). By January 1, 1998, More than 480 digital programs broadcast by satellite by January 1, 1998 that could be received in parts of Europe (European Audiovisual Observatory, 1998). Seventeen pay-per-view providers were also providing customers with over 200 channels in 1998, which compared to the six services providing offering only 42 channels between them in 1996 (European Audiovisual Observatory, 1998). The trend regarding digital television was clearly that it was not only bringing more channels on the European audiovisual scene but that the entire range of the content broadcast was expanding dramatically over even a short period of time, particularly due to the special channels available via systems like pay-per-view. As a result of the growing range of channels offered, in 1997, major European digital providers, such as Spain’s Canal Satellite, Germany’s Premiere, and the United Kingdom’s BSkyB, launched a series of new digital multichannel packages in Europe. The packages offer a very diversified range of thematic programs such as cinema, sports, information, music, and travel (Aubry, 2000). The audiovisual products increased in range as the demand for cinema, television, video, and multimedia increased dramatically between 1995 and 2000. In particularly, the growth in total income was staggering; an estimated climb of 69% was seen during that period, accounting for an increase from euro 31,847.7 million to euro 53,871.1 million in just those five years. Much of the increase was also generated by the newly developed television systems and such new forms of audiovisual consumption as pay-per-view, video-on-demand, and multimedia service packages (Norcontel, 1997, p. 173). In a very brief period, the landscape for audiovisual broadcasting in Europe had transformed dramatically. The industry was also subject to a large number of alliances between traditional operators of classical television and, increasingly, in paid television systems. Both mergers and joint ventures between major and minor satellite, cable, and terrestrial provider companies were viewed favorably by the European competition authorities. The mergers and ventures were seen to ensure the development of an Information Society as they supported and often facilitated the provision of new audiovisual content and services (Aubry, 2000). In terms of objectives, the European Commission also intends to ensure that the audiovisual market remains open to competition; therefore, it carefully sees to it that the said market not be distorted or foreclosed by dominant positions and access barriers such as exclusive broadcasting rights (particularly as regards sport events) and State aid to the broadcasting sector. The Member States have therefore to ensure that pluralism and competition are maintained in the audiovisual sector by preventing the creation of dominant positions resulting from agreements such as concentrations, mergers and acquisitions of businesses. In response to concerns that high entry barriers were gradually being created to limit the European-wide access to broadcasts, the European Council created the â€Å"Television Without Frontiers† Directive on October 3rd, 1989 (Council Directive 89/552/EEC of 3 October 1989 on the co-ordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities (OJ, 1989, p. 23). Rapid changes in the audiovisual market had been seen since the beginning of the nineties. They required a substantial revision of the terms, however. In May, 1995, and further to the European Commission proposal, a revised version of the original â€Å"Television Without Frontier† Directive was put forward. The new Directive was adopted on June 30th, 1997 (Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council 97/36/EC, 1997, p. 60). This revised version provided an up-to-date regulatory framework that was adapted to reflect the needs for legislation focusing on digital broadcasting. The particular points about the new directive included the tightening of certain legal concepts. As regards the Member States’ jurisdiction over broadcasters, rules governing teleshopping and the coverage of major events were introduced. The protection for children was also increased (Aubry, 2000). Analysis According to article 2a of Directive 97/36, Member States of the EU must ensure the freedom of reception and they also cannot in any manner restrict the retransmission on their territory of television programs broadcast from other Member States that falls within the fields co-ordinated by the Directive. Essentially the only exception to the rule, the only instance in which it is permitted to restrict retransmission is in the event that, according to the provisions of Article 22, there is a serious infringement of the provisions governing protection of minors. According to Article 2 (1) of the Directive, each Member State is responsible for ensuring that all television programs transmitted by broadcasters under its jurisdiction comply with the provisions of the Directive as well as with the national regulations applicable to broadcasts intended for the public in that Member State. It follows that the receiving State may not apply to programs emanating from another Member State legal provisions specifically aimed at controlling the content of television broadcasts at national level. Although Member States can adopt more details or constraining rules in the areas that cover the Directive according to article 3 (1) of the Directive, rules may not be applied to programs broadcast by cross-border channels located in other Member States. It is also worth nothing that the European Court of Justice currently distinguishes between national legislation in areas not covered by the Directive, like the protection of consumers against misleading advertising, and matters that are considered to be already fully regulated by Community law. This certainly includes regulations relating to the protection of minors. Under certain circumstances, a receiving EU Member State has the option to adopt measures to protect the interests of consumers against national advertisers. They may not take measures to control television program broadcasts by foreign operators. Only the Member States with jurisdiction over the broadcaster concerned is responsible for its control (European Audiovisual Observatory, 1997, p 13). The â€Å"Television Without Frontiers† Directive sets quota requirements for the promotion of European works on television. These provisions do not apply to television broadcasts that are intended for local audience and do not form part of a national network (Aubry, 2000). According to Article 4 of the Directive, the Member States must ensure, â€Å"where practicable and by appropriate means†, that broadcasters under their jurisdiction reserve for European productions a majority proportion of air time. This doesn’t include any time devoted to news, sports, games, advertising, teletext services and teleshopping. According to Article 5, European television channels must reserve at least 10% of their transmission time to European works created by producers unaffiliated with broadcasters. Certain flexibility is granted for the implementation of the quota requirements, however, the European Commission supervises the implementation of Articles 4 and 5 of the Directive is supervised by the European Commission. All Member States must submit to a report containing a statistical statement on the achievement of the quotas. This is required every two years and any failure to achieve the required proportion must be reported and explained. Measures must also be adopted or envisaged to remedy the situation where possible (Aubry, 2000). Conclusion In terms of its success, the Amended â€Å"Television Without Frontiers† Directive certainly does establish a viable means of maintaining a viable community base for television broadcasting within the European Union. Whereas limited channel choice characterized analogue broadcasting, the need for the viewer to fit in with the schedulers, and a clear understanding that the television was a device for watching broadcast programs. Digitalization, on the other hand, creates the possibility of hundreds of channels. It essentially allows televisions to serve as a multipurpose, multimedia terminal. Digitalization allows viewers to program their own schedules, watch programs when they want, and even interacting with the programs themselves. Overall, the EU member countries have managed to maintain a relatively unrestricted system for broadcasting content produced   by other member countries. However, the amended â€Å"Television Without Frontiers† Directive was first implemented as a measure to combat growing efforts by EU member states to restrict such broadcasting freedoms. Only time will tell whether the commonality established by this directive will be maintained and proven successful. For one thing, the effects of digital television will be interesting to determine and watch in terms of shared broadcasting among EU-member broadcasting companies. References. Audry, P. 2000. The â€Å"Television Without Frontiers† Directive, Cornerstone of the European Broadcasting Policy, Strasbourg: EAO. European Audiovisual Observatory, 1997, Legal Guide to Audiovisual Media in Europe, Strasbourg: EAO. European Audiovisual Observatory, 1997. Statistical Yearbook. Strasbourg: EAO. European Audiovisual Observatory, 1998. Statistical Yearbook, Strasbourg: EAO. Levy, D. A. L. 2001. Europe’s Digital Revolution: Broadcasting Regulation, the EU and the Nation State. London: Routledge. Norcontel, 1997. Economic Implications of New Communication Technologies on the audiovisual markets, Screen Digest, Stanbrook and Hooper. OJ Council Directive 89/552/EEC, 1989. â€Å"The co-ordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the pursuit of television broadcasting activities†, Official Journal of the European Union, 17 October, 1989.